The World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned that vaccines will be no magic bullet for the coronavirus crisis as nations gear up for a massive rollout to tackle surging infections.

The word of caution comes as the United States clocked a record number of COVID-19 cases for a second day in a row, with the country preparing for what US President-elect Joe Biden has called a "dark winter".

America's Centres for Disease Control and Prevention on Friday recommended "universal face mask use" indoors and Biden said he would scale down his January inauguration ceremony to mitigate the virus risk.

It comes as countries prepare for the approval and rollout of several vaccines that have proven effective in trials.

The WHO however warned against vaccine complacency on Friday and what it said was an erroneous belief that the COVID-19 crisis is over with jabs on the horizon.

"Vaccines do not equal zero COVID,” said the WHO Emergencies Director Michael Ryan, adding that not everyone will be able to receive it early next year.

"Vaccination will add a major, major, powerful tool to the tool kit that we have. But by themselves, they will not do the job.”

WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said progress on vaccines signalled "light at the end of the tunnel”.

But he cautioned against the "growing perception that the pandemic is over” with the virus still spreading fast, putting enormous pressure on hospitals and health care workers.

Massive logistical effort

The WHO says 51 candidate vaccines are currently being tested on humans, with 13 reaching final-stage mass testing.

Britain on Wednesday became the first Western country to approve an inoculation, from Pfizer-BioNTech, for general use, piling pressure on other countries to swiftly follow suit.

The United States is expected to give a green light later this month.

Belgium, France and Spain have said jabs will begin in January for the most vulnerable.

With the imminent arrival of vaccines that need storage at ultra-low temperatures, US companies are preparing for a massive logistical effort to aid their distribution.

Firms specialising in insulating containers are on a war footing after Pfizer and BioNTech said their vaccine needs to be stored at -70ºC.

Meat processing giant Smithfield said it was ready to put the cold rooms at its abattoirs at the disposal of rollout operations.

And US logistics giant UPS is producing 500 kilogrammes of dry ice an hour in its depots and has developed portable freezers capable of storing the vaccines.

‘Follow the science’

Standing in the way of success are growing signs of vaccine scepticism, with misinformation and mistrust coloring public acceptance of inoculation.

Several high-profile figures have pledged to receive the vaccine in public in an effort to build confidence, including Biden, Tedros and former US presidents Barack Obama, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton.

The United States recorded 225,000 new infections on Friday — the second daily record in a row for the world’s worst-hit nation.

Biden said the surging number of cases meant he would scale back his inauguration ceremony set for January.

"We’re going to follow the science and the recommendations of the experts,” Biden told reporters.

"So it’s highly unlikely there’ll be a million people on the mall.”

Christmas spike expected

More than 65 million people have contracted COVID-19 globally with the death toll from the disease topping 1.5 million.

British medical chiefs said the arrival of a vaccine should see deaths reduce "significantly” by early next year but warned social mixing over Christmas could cause another spike before then.

"By spring the effects of vaccination will begin to be felt in reducing COVID admissions, attendances and deaths significantly but there are many weeks before we get to that stage,” they said.

Italy is seeing a dramatic resurgence of infections after it largely tamped down an earlier outbreak by enforcing a strict lockdown, while Latin America and the Caribbean has seen an 18 per cent spike in cases in a week.

Other countries are unveiling holiday restrictions, with Switzerland banning Christmas carolling in the streets and Madrid cancelling most New Year events in the city centre.