The Group of Seven (G-7) wealthy democracies on Wednesday worked on plans to scale up global COVID-19 vaccinations, as calls mounted for a drastic increase in funding to help developing nations virtually shut out of early efforts.

Underscoring the challenges faced, the foreign minister of India — where COVID cases have soared in recent weeks — said he decided to participate in the London meeting virtually after potential exposure to the virus.

India was one of several nations invited by Britain for the first in-person G-7 meeting since the pandemic began last year, in an effort to rally democracies in the face of a rising China and assertive Russia.

Foreign ministers of Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States are setting the agenda for a G-7 leaders' summit next month in Cornwall, southern England, which will mark Joe Biden's international debut as US president.

The G-7 opened its final day with a session focused on open societies before taking up COVID-19 as well as the fight against climate change.

"A really valuable part of the G-7 format is to think in the round — what do we need to do to help the most vulnerable countries around the world?" British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab told reporters.

More than 1.2 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally, but fewer than one per cent have been given in the least developed countries.

With support from most wealthy nations, the Covax programme, backed by the World Health Organisation, is meant to share vaccines with the poorest nations.

But rich countries have also effectively elbowed out Covax in the early stages, striking their own deals with drug manufacturers.

Questions on extra doses

The United States could soon be sitting on as many as 300 million extra doses — nearly equivalent to its entire population — due to ongoing contracts with manufacturers and success at home in inoculation campaigns, the Kaiser Family Foundation estimated.

Biden quickly joined Covax after taking office in January, a reversal from the nationalism of his predecessor Donald Trump, and has promised $4 billion for the programme — far more than any other country.

The Biden administration last week also said it would divert 60 million doses of the AstraZeneca jab, which has not been approved in the United States, and provide $100 million in immediate supplies to India.

But Britain’s former prime minister Gordon Brown has said far more is necessary and urged the G-7 to provide the bulk of $60 billion that he says is needed over the next two years to vaccinate the whole world.

Brown, who led a 2009 summit of the broader Group of 20 that was credited with helping address the global economic crisis, said the hefty $60 billion price tag is not charity but "the best insurance policy for the world”.

The result will be "trillions of additional economic output, made possible when trade resumes in a COVID-free world”, Brown said.

IP debate

AstraZeneca and its partners at the University of Oxford have been selling their jab at cost price, hailing it as a "potential vaccine for the world”.

But the Biden administration has sidestepped calls backed by Brown and India — itself a major vaccine manufacturer — to relax intellectual property rules to allow cheaper shots.

The pharmaceutical industry adamantly opposes such a move, saying it would give less incentive for costly research.

But Shami Chakrabati, a Labour peer in Britain’s upper chamber of parliament, said that 97 per cent of investment in the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine came from the UK government.

"At the end of the day, the monopoly needs to be busted up,” the former head of human rights pressure group Liberty told BBC radio.

"This precious knowledge needs to be shared,” she said, also voicing hope that Biden will change the "Trumpian direction” and understand the "moral duty of the US”.

US-based Pfizer, another major player, said on Tuesday that it estimates $26 billion in revenue in 2021 from the vaccine.

The United States appears at least to support some sharing of vaccines after some Biden aides initially argued for keeping a stockpile to respond to potential needs later for booster shots or the approval of vaccines for children.

Secretary of State Antony Blinken, who is taking part in the talks in London, last month promised that the United States would soon be in a position to supply vaccines overseas.

In an implicit criticism of Chinese and Russian efforts, Blinken said, "We won’t trade shots in arms for political favours. This is about saving lives.”